Search engine marketing is a catch all concept. It’s also referred to as search engine positioning, ranking and promotion. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Advertising are two components within search engine marketing.

Search Engine Optimization is the process that a site goes through to make it visible and improve its “absorption” by search engines. A successful strategy will result in the site gaining targeted traffic from organic or natural search results.

The SEO process involves ongoing modifications to the existing site. These may include cleaner coding, development of additional site features, content development and where possible, development of a linking strategy. This is an ongoing cycle that includes statistic analysis, measurement and repeated adjustments.

Organic Search Results Sample – A search for “Multimedia Messaging system” in Google provided the following organic results. These are results based on the Google database.

Search Engine Advertising or Pay per Click (PPC) is the paid format of search engine marketing. In this case the search results are presented on the same page of results but are governed by a bidding (cost per click) and content matching system. In some cases these results are also displayed on network sites, for example the Overture (Yahoo) content network includes: CNN, MSN, AltaVista and Infospace.

Paid Search Results Sample – A search for “Application Performance Management” in Google provided the following paid results. Both the light Blue area at the top of the organic search results and the boxes on the Right hand side, are paid listings.

Search engine databases are selected and built by computer robot programs called spiders. Although it is said they “crawl” the web in their hunt for pages to include, in truth they stay in one place. They find the pages for potential inclusion by following the links in the pages they already have in their database (i.e., already “know about”). They cannot think or type a URL or use judgment to “decide” to go look something up and see what’s on the web about it. (Computers are getting more sophisticated all the time, but they are still brainless.)

If a web page is never linked to any other page, search engine spiders cannot find it. The only way a brand new page – one that no other page has ever linked to – can get into a search engine is for its URL to be sent by some human to the search engine companies as a request that the new page be included. All search engine companies offer ways to do this.

After spiders find pages, they pass them on to another computer program for “indexing”. This program identifies the text, links, and other content in the page and stores it in the search engine database’s files so that the database can be searched by keyword and whatever more advanced approaches are offered, and the page will be found if your search matches its content.

Some types of pages and links are excluded from most search engines by policy. Others are excluded because search engine spiders cannot access them. Pages that are excluded are referred to as the “Invisible Web” – what you don’t see in search engine results. The Invisible Web is estimated to be two to three times bigger than the visible web.

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So what is click fraud? Well quite simply the illegitimate clicks on paid advertising links and not as a result of genuine interest. The business model for search advertising is built around two types of relevant placement. The positioning of text ads on search results pages for search engines is the first type of placement, and text box ads on affiliate sites. When clicks are generated out of malicious intent and not a genuine interest in the advertisement this is described as click fraud.

There are two main causes for click fraud both driven by financial gain, affiliate fraud and competition. Affiliate sites that show text ads, make money from clicks generated by their users on those text boxes, and by generating more they stand to make more. This activity is presumed to cover over 90% of click fraud.

The other cause for clicking is competition. This is done as a measure to deplete the competing advertiser budget and then eventually taking over a lead position for a lower rate once the competitor has given up.

Click fraud can be done manually or in some cases with the use of custom “hit bots”. In some cases robot applications and software is developed to repeatedly click ads on a predetermined “human like” cycle. These robots can sometimes be blocked and identified but otherwise the “war” continues and the stakes are rising. In either case, the advertisers always stand to lose and search engines stand to gain, at least in the short run. In the long run this problem goes to undermine the credibility of the search engine and in past cases, cause the business model to fail and smaller search engines to disappear.

Going back to Google, where revenue from search engine advertising in the first quarter of 2005 was $1.24 Billion, click fraud is something that needs to be addressed and to a certain degree some attempts have been made to reduce this problem.

Estimates of click fraud are anywhere from 10% to 35% in some cases (depending who you ask) and if you do the math, well…ouch. In a recent search engine event, a third of the search advertisers have reportedly received refund checks from Google for click fraud. A Google statement read, “If fraudulent clicks are not detected, the affected advertisers may experience a reduced return on their investment (and) could lead the advertisers to become dissatisfied with our advertising programs, which could lead to loss of advertisers and revenue.”

There are some ways to avoid click fraud, keep a close eye on the spending levels of your accounts and apply common sense. Check your site stats and where you’re getting traffic from (referral information), if there are sites that are doing any worth while activity, check them out. Watch for sudden shifts and spikes in behavior. Words and phrases that have a certain delivery rate all of a sudden may begin to deliver more in cases of fraud. IP addresses (although these can be hidden) may also reveal dubious sources, check the “rising stars” in your stats reports and cross them against reverse IP tools, a sample selection should do.

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A good SEO strategy would take the overall presence of the website in search engines into account and would measure results by the number and quality of visitors coming from organic search results. The final ingrdient here is time, it’s a critical component and results should always be looked at in terms of the long run.

These are just a few basics that are considered the fundamentals for Search Engine Optimization (SEO).

Keyword Selection – A building block and should be treated as the foundation for the process. Selecting the most effective keywords is crucial as the rest of the marketing efforts will concentrate on these. Remember that it takes time to get results. Make sure the terms you were going for bring in the right kind of traffic.

Unique Content – Content needs to be relevant, specific to a topic and make good use of a small number of keywords and again, be unique. Keep in mind that duplicate content is frowned upon and penalized by search engines.

Keyword Density (or Keyword Saturation) is an important parameter that is constantly reviewed by the “spiders”. Search engines will have different weight placed on the percentage usage of a specific keyword and they can range anywhere from 3 to 8 percent. Keep in mind that you are writing the pages on the site for people though, so first of all make sure the material is well written and makes sense.

Linking Strategy – This is much debated but the idea is to have a site well worth linking to and choose your link “friends” very carefully. If you exchange links (Reciprocal Linking) or you use Three Way Links, make sure you keep good company. It’s quality not quantity that counts and the rules of the game are constantly changing.

Site Design and Navigation – A basic feature for a well optimized site. Whether it’s a clean navigation bar, an easily accessible site map or a strong content system. Clear navigation and design allows “spiders” to explore the site easily, to catalog, read through and increase visibility in search results.

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